War of 1812

1812 – 1815

The War of 1812 occurred because many Americans “believed that England sought to humiliate the United States, limit its growth, and perhaps even impose a quasi-colonial status upon its former colonies.” In the years following independence when Britain and Napoleonic France were at war with one another, these nations often violated the maritime rights of the U.S., which attempted to remain neutral throughout this period.

After efforts to avoid war by applying economic coercion failed to deter the British from interfering with American neutrality, Congress declared war following eight months of debate. Most of the operations of the war took place along the American-Canadian border between Detroit and Lake Champlain. Britain was best able to carry the war to the Americans at sea, both off the mid-Atlantic coast and in the Gulf of Mexico. Each side recorded significant victories against the other, both on land and at sea, and “efforts to end the war lasted almost as long as the conflict itself.” For the most part, the Treaty of Ghent that followed left questions of maritime rights and territorial claims where they had been before the war, although the war left the United States with a heightened sense of national purpose as well as a more securely consolidated military establishment.

AMERICAN CASUALTIES